The future well-being of a society is directly linked to its ability to care for and educate its young. This task often falls to mothers. Mothers that cannot effectively care for their children without assistance can abuse, neglect or even kill their own children. The roots of female violence must be understood in order to prevent it.
A study of female violence (Seifert, 2008) indicated that adult females with histories of aggression had moderate to severe behavior problems that began before the age of 13, assault of an authority figure, impulsivity, delinquency, running away from home, substance abuse, beliefs in the legitimacy of aggression as a means to an end, few pro-social peers, behavior problems at school, home or work, lack of success in school, job, or as a home maker, family violence and low warmth in family of origin, and lack of appropriate boundaries in family of origin or present family. A third of women with chronic assaults lacked remorse, and had positive attitudes toward antisocial behavior, emotional displays that were out of control, deviant peers, and excessive absenteeism from school or work in addition to the general characteristics cited above. Additionally it appears that the number and the severity of traumas experienced by a woman are associated with the number and severity of behavior problems a woman has. Steffensmeier and Haynie (2000) found that economic disadvantage and social disorganization was associated with adult female homicide. Campbell (1993) suggests that women express violence in response to stress and frustration.
Females are most likely to kill a spouse (19% of victims of female homicide), a friend/acquaintance (17%), or a boyfriend or girlfriend (10%) and least likely to kill an employee/er (.1%) or a sibling (1%) (BJS). Twelve percent of US homicide offenders (BJS) and 12% of identified serial killers are female (Newton, 2000). The motive for 41% of female serial killers is money. Substance abuse is more likely to be involved when an abused woman murders her abusive male partner. Additionally, most mothers who kill their children are psychotic, under stress, isolated, have long histories of mental illness, and have been abused or exposed to domestic violence as children.
Two hundred women kill their children in the US every year. Eleven are on death row. Several mothers who killed their children have been highly publicized. The investigation of the alleged murder of Caylee Anthony by her mother Casey is in the news nearly every week. It is now clear that if found guilty, she may face the death penalty. We need to understand female violence in order to prevent it. We do not fully understand why women kill their children, but we know some of the reasons. Jill Korbin has studied the topic and found that most women who kill their children are having difficulty parenting and this is evident before they kill their children. Some even tell others they fear killing their children, but no one believes them. Some number of infanticides are associated with psychosis of the mothers which was clearly identified before these tragedies took place.
For example, Andrea Yates was psychotic, had been hospitalized for suicide attempts, was having trouble parenting, was under tremendous stress, and had been taken off her antipsychotic medication when she killed her children. Lashaun Harris was hospitalized twice for schizophrenia, told people she wanted to feed her children to the sharks, was living in a homeless shelter and had stopped taking her medication when she threw her three children into the San Francisco Bay. Susan Smith had a boyfriend who didn't want children. She drowned her two small children and made a plea for their return on TV to cover up what she had done. Some of these women could have been helped before their children came to such tragic and unspeakable ends. There must be a stronger safety net for children whose mothers are suffering from severe mental illness, post partum depression and psychosis, substance abuse, attachment problems, and Complex PTSD. This will involve destigmatizing mental illness and educating family members about how to help those with mental illness and making services such as parenting education and day care readily available for all parents.
Early identification and intervention into violent and unstable homes, where parents need help raising their children in a healthy way is essential to stop the brutal cycle of family violence. As a society, we must intervene early with appropriate therapy, health care, and family supports for all families in which mothers are having significant difficulty caring for their offspring. A good program that provides support and education for families with young children is the Healthy Families home visiting program. Home visitors provide services, support and developmental information for parents and children. It is a program that has been proven to reduce child abuse. Universal health care for families can increase appropriate medical care for post partum depression and severe mental illness among mothers who are caring for children, our country's future.
Until we learn to help vulnerable families care for their children, we will continue to see such tragedies. They are to some degree preventable. Until we fully recognize the importance of and support the parental task of caring for our young, we will not stop the cycle of violence.